The aftermath of the Cold War continues to influence world affairs. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the post—Cold War world was widely considered as unipolar, with the United States the sole remaining superpower.
The Cold War also marked the apex of peacetime military-industrial complexes, especially in the United States, and large-scale military funding of science. These complexes, though their origins may be found as early as the 19 th century, have grown considerably during the Cold War. The military-industrial complexes have great impact on their countries and help shape their society, policy and foreign relations.
A concept that defined the world power after the Cold-War was known as the new world order. The most widely discussed application of the phrase of recent times came at the end of the Cold War. Presidents Mikhail Gorbachev and George H. Bush used the term to try to define the nature of the post Cold War era, and the spirit of a great power cooperation they hoped might materialize.
Historians will look back and say this was no ordinary time but a defining moment: an unprecedented period of global change, and a time when one chapter ended and another began. Bush and Gorbachev : Bush and Gorbachev helped shape international relation theories after the cold war. Furthermore, when no weapons of mass destruction were found after a military conquest of Iraq, there was worldwide skepticism that the war had been fought to prevent terrorism, and the continuing war in Iraq has had serious negative public relations consequences for the image of the United States.
The big change during these years was a transition from a bipolar world to a multipolar world. While the United States remains a strong power economically and militarily, rising nations such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia as well as a united Europe have challenged its dominance.
Foreign policy analysts such as Nina Harchigian suggest that the six emerging big powers share common concerns: free trade, economic growth, prevention of terrorism, and efforts to stymie nuclear proliferation. And if they can avoid war, the coming decades can be peaceful and productive provided there are no misunderstandings or dangerous rivalries. The War on Terror refers to an international military campaign begun by the U.
The War on Terror is a term commonly applied to an international military campaign begun by the United States and United Kingdom with support from other countries after the September 11, terrorist attacks.
President George W. Bush on 20 September The Bush administration and the Western media have since used the term to denote a global military, political, legal, and ideological struggle targeting organizations designated as terrorist and regimes accused of supporting them.
It was typically used with a particular focus on Al-Qaeda and other militant Islamists. Although the term is not officially used by the administration of U. The origins of al-Qaeda as a network inspiring terrorism around the world and training operatives can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan December —February The United States supported the Islamist mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
On 20 September , in the wake of the 11 September attacks, George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack. The US refused to provide any evidence. On 7 October , the official invasion began with British and U. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora.
In December, Coalition forces the U. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle. Iraq had been listed as a State Sponsor of Terrorism by the U. Iraq was also on the list from to ; it had been removed so that the U. The Iraq War began in March with an air campaign, which was immediately followed by a U.
The Bush administration also stated that the Iraq War was part of the War on Terror, a claim that was later questioned. On 1 May , Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. He was executed in Privacy Policy. Skip to main content.
Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Kennedy Hickman. Military and Naval History Expert. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history.
He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. This containment policy was effective in preventing the spread of communism. Only after the Korean War erupted in June … So certain measures had to … A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in … These policies included the Domino theory also known as the containment policy, the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, and Vietnamization.
The idea that it is possible to contain human beings beliefs is totally flawed in theory itself, and is almost completely impossible in practice. The Policy of Containment in Europe. Containment Policy is a Failure The containment policy was an utter and complete failure. Strategies of Containment, by John Lewis Gaddis, is a description of the evolving strategy of containment that was the basis of US policy toward the Soviet Union from through Nonetheless, dual containment was an official foreign policy of the United States under the administration of Bill Clinton aimed at containing Iran and Iraq.
A UGB is a moderately tight containment policy. There were various U. Cold War - Containment. According to the Russian diplomat, the containment policy will include steps to counter sanctions and "US attempts to have influence on our domestic processes. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.
Truman on March 12, It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, , and further developed on July 12, , when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated free gifts of financial aid to support the economies and the military of Greece and Turkey.
More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led in to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War — He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region.
Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally even though the threat to Greece was more immediate. For years, Britain had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement.
In February , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the Greeks and their government. The effect was to end the communist threat, and in , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their protection. The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.
It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe. The fighting resulted in the defeat of the Communist insurgents by the government forces. In the third phase —49 , guerrilla forces controlled by the KKE fought against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after elections boycotted by the KKE. At this point, the British realized that the Greek leftists were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia; the Greek communists received little help directly from the Soviet Union, while Yugoslavia provided support and sanctuary.
By late , Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy, it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to Greece. Soviet imperialism in Eastern Europe, its delayed withdrawal from Iran, and the breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine. To Harry S. Truman, the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil-rich areas of the Middle East and the warm-water ports of the Mediterranean.
State Department formulated a plan. Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them. American policymakers recognized the instability of the region, fearing that if Greece was lost to communism, Turkey would not last long. If Turkey yielded to Soviet demands, the position of Greece would be endangered.
Fear of this regional domino effect threat guided the American decision. In the words of historian James T. It was in these ways a major step. The doctrine endured, historian Dennis Merill argues, because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity about modern life in a globalized world.
It brought nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence. Roosevelt, sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam.
By ideological differences in life or death terms, Truman was able to garner support for this communism-containing policy. Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress and laid out his vision on containment which came to be known as the Truman Doctrine.
This was a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union, who refused and created their own Molotov plan for the Eastern Bloc. In early , Britain, France, and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for an economically self-sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods, and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets.
In June , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine, the United States enacted the Marshall Plan, a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union. The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery.
These would become the main bureaucracies for U. Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control, and that the U. Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid.
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