Of these, the oldest survives, and since has been called the Huxley Building. This building had been erected in —71 for the Science and Art Department, initially with the main intention of housing a school of naval architecture and marine engineering, which had been established in at South Kensington under the joint auspices of the Admiralty and the Department.
The school was, however, transferred to Greenwich in , almost as soon as it had begun to use the new premises, and before the interior was entirely finished; and the building was in fact first permanently occupied, late in the previous year, by a variety of scientific departments removed from the Government later Royal School of Mines in Jermyn Street.
These subsequently expanded to become the Royal College of Science. For the Huxley Building see Plates 14c, 58, 59; fig. In it was brought into the Science and Art Department and in the same year united with the Royal College of Chemistry in Oxford Street, which had been founded in under the auspices of Prince Albert.
The latter's intention was that through these connexions the School of Mines should become a school 'for the diffusion of Science generally as applied to productive Industry '. In that respect, however, the head of the School appointed in , Sir Roderick Murchison, was a disappointment. Despite receiving 'a pretty little lecture' from the Prince on his ideas he proved to be chiefly 'a good hammer-man', who viewed the School 'simply as the School of British Geology and Mines', and he was largely successful in resisting its expansion into general science.
Hofmann, promised the secretary of the Department, Henry Cole, to send him plans of laboratories being built in Berlin and Bonn. It would have been an appreciably smaller building than that erected, and Cole's diary seems to bear out the 'inspired' statement made in The Times in , that neither Fowke's plan nor his elevation had been used.
The diary suggests that in the summer of Cole, Richard Redgrave, and Fowke's successor, Henry Scott, recommenced the work of designing a structure which may not have been replanned to its present dimensions before January Cole says the lengthening of the front was suggested by his friend, the amateur of art, Sir Coutts Lindsay.
The foundations were begun in June of that year. By June the Department was contermplating the attraction of 'other branches of science' than chemistry to South Kensington. Huxley, who as professor of biology at the School of Mines opposed the limitation of its scope. As early as he had been discussing science teaching at South Kensington with Cole and the Department's inspector for science, J.
Progress was not resumed until responsibility for the Department's building-operations had been transferred to the Office of Works. Funds then flowed again and work proceeded in the latter part of The tardy provision of equipment, however, annoyed the professors, and extended into The diversion of the school of naval architecture from South Kensington to Greenwich facilitated the removal of other departments—mechanics, metallurgy and geology—into the building from Jermyn Street by Under that title it was reinaugurated in October , with T.
Huxley as Dean. In Huxley's last year before retirement in H. Wells entered 'that burly red-brick and terra-cotta building' Plate 58a as a student, fn. In the 's the department of mining finally moved to South Kensington fn.
The laboratories had been designed largely under Hofmann's guidance with some consultation of his successor, Frankland , and with the help of a survey of laboratories in German cities and at Zurich in —2. The Huxley Building is a monument to the collaborative method of design practised in the Science and Art Department. Dating from the same years as the Albert Hall, it was created from a similar provenance. But Cole and Redgrave were certainly consultant in the work: the former's son said that he had 'insisted' on the inclusion of the upper arcaded gallery on the Exhibition Road front, intended 'for open air work', and he sketched an alternative finish for the corner pavilions in May Plate 58b.
Fowke's part in the executed design was evidently slight: on the other hand, the School was consciously modelled on the style established by him at the adjacent museum, fn.
Much of the decorative detail was taken directly from that on the museum by Godfrey Sykes died His admired Lecture Theatre columns were duplicated in the ground-floor arcade where they encase iron stanchions, Plates 13a, 58c, d. The modelling of Sykes's decorative designs and much of the other decoration inside and out was the work of his pupil James Gamble. Gamble designed the terra-cotta chimneys and the street-front balustrade and seats, and the majolica soffits of the ground-floor arcade Plate 58c and in colour of the entrance passageway and bridge.
He also modelled the interior plaster details. His designs for terra-cotta lamps on the street front and for the iron gate at the north end, considered 'strikingly original' by the Department, were not executed. For the latter the office of Works in insisted on substituting a cheaper design by J. Starkie Gardner and Company. The coloured mosaics in the tympana of the pediments were executed in —2 by the museum's mosaic class, to the designs of F.
Moody of the National Art Training School. An assistant of Moody's said later that Gamble would have preferred reliefs to mosaics. Inside the building another hand appears, that of the architect J.
As elsewhere at South Kensington he acted as Scott's assistant, and in the later recollection of a former student of the Art School employed on the museum building it was Wild who had planned the interior. Cole's diary seems to associate Wild's name with the staircase, fn. Indeed, on the street front also the accentuation of the top storey has a hint of the Cast Courts about it. The remarkable 'modernism' of the inner courtyard Plate 59c adds another element to the 'style' of this disparate building.
The Builder thought that the terra-cotta 'medallions' on the stylobate of the ground-floor arcade Plate 58d were 'abortions', but the building was welcomed by The Times as 'a sight good for eyes tired of the eternal stucco', and Viollet-le-Duc liked the look of the brand-new, sunlit terra-cotta.
At present it is occupied by the departments of mathematics and meteorology of Imperial College, but it is intended to make over the building to the Victoria and Albert Museum when those departments move into a new building being erected in Queen's Gate.
The name Huxley Building will then be transferred to that and the adjacent Physics building in Prince Consort Road, and it is intended that the present Huxley Building will be renamed the Henry Cole Building.
Next in age to the Huxley Building and now demolished were the original premises of the City and Guilds College, built in —4 to a design by Alfred Waterhouse, simultaneously with the later stages of his Natural History Museum.
From the late 's onwards there had been a growing opinion that the Livery Companies of the City of London should contribute more to the encouragement of technical education for industry, and increasingly this became an object with their critics. An executive committee was formed. In it asked six prominent advocates of technical education to make suggestions towards a national scheme.
Among other questions they were asked if a central teaching institution should be set up in London, and whether it should include a 'technical library, museum and laboratories. All the advisers, including T. Huxley, Sir J. Donnelly and Sir Douglas Galton, thought the establishment of a central institution vital, but anything beyond classrooms a luxury. All were opposed to its giving direct instruction in specific trades. Huxley in particular saw its chief though not sole value in the training of teachers rather than of the personnel of industry, and warned against drawing the latter too much within its orbit and thereby 'substituting exhausted book-worms for shrewd practical men in our works and factories'.
The committee, however, recommended to the Companies, in , that the school should be established not only to supply teachers to 'local trades schools' but also 'superior workmen, foremen, managers and principals of manufactories'. This strikingly wide diversity of students, comprehending artisans and the sons of factory owners, would be instructed in applied physics, chemistry, mechanics and art: the inclusion of applied art showed how at that stage the scheme was linked backwards to the 'industrial university' of the Prince Consort as much as forward to the present Imperial College.
At first a site on the Embankment was in favour. An important part of their estate was then on offer to the Government for a science museum and laboratories. Negotiations were therefore opened, largely between Lord Selborne and Lord Spencer on behalf of the Commissioners for the appropriation of a site on the estate to so mutually congenial a purpose. The Companies' chief trade school was being established in Finsbury, and there was some feeling that the Commissioners' estate was ill-placed for artisan students.
This was not diminished when in the summer of the Commissioners required, before granting a lease, that the newly constituted City and Guilds of London Institute should be augmented by their own representatives and ex officio representatives of the Royal Society and other scientific societies. The reinforcement was approved by Huxley, otherwise rather a sympathizer with 'City' sentiment.
The alternative use of Baron Grant's former house in the Kensington Road was considered, but by the end of the year the Institute reconciled itself to the ex officio members, and during the spring of the principle of a lease was agreed with the Commissioners.
The site was to be less extensive than that which would have been made available for a governmental scientific foundation, and would compare ill with such imperial projects as the Berlin Technical High School, begun the previous year on a spacious suburban site at Charlottenburg. In essentials, however, the project was kept abreast of the best foreign practice, and this was further ensured when, early in , the Institute acquired as Organizing Director Sir Philip Magnus, whose membership of the Samuelson Royal Commission on Technical Instruction —4 strengthened the Institute's knowledge of Continental progress in that field.
In August the Institute's executive committee chose Alfred Waterhouse as architect, from a short list of three, the other two being Norman Shaw and G. Waterhouse's experience as architect of similar buildings for example, Owen's College, Manchester, and the College of Science, Leeds was considered a recommendation. In November Waterhouse was instructed to provide accommodation for non-resident students, and a specified number of classrooms, laboratories four for physics and one each for chemistry and mechanics , lecture rooms, art rooms, a library, space for 'collections', and offices.
Bramwell apparently proposed an inspection of comparable buildings at Zurich, and although it is not clear whether this took place, Waterhouse, Bramwell, Magnus and Professor Roscoe of Manchester arranged to visit J. Cossin's Mason's College building at Birmingham, as other supporters of the scheme had done.
The east side was designed to house the departments of botany, plant pathology and physiology and was completed in By the outbreak of the First World War, there were approximately students in college. Some of them volunteered for war in , joined by 60 staff members. The South Kensington site was affected by the commencement of hostilities with buildings commandeered for war billeting of soldiers and military work. The Admiralty commandeered the Physics workshop for bomb sighting research.
The Air board royal flying corps took over the Huxley building drawing office and printing press. The Air Ministry also operated from the engine testing house resulting in complaints of noise from their neighbours. The College's most significant contribution to the First World War came from its inventions and scientific advances made throughout the war.
Official badges were issued to those engaged in war work. Just a few examples follow:. The first technical optics course in the world was established in the Imperial Physics Department, developed partly in response to World War I and the need for the development of technical optics in the UK after reliance on German technology until the war. The club developed from a union of the three constituent College boat clubs.
The outcome in was that London University agreed to set final examinations in the subjects in which Imperial set its Associateships. The original Students Union building in the north of the quadrangle was designed by Sir Aston Webb and built in Student accommodation was needed as an addition to the social life of Imperial and so plans for a student hostel were drawn up.
In April , the hostel opened with accommodation for 49 students and a warden. Living in hall as opposed to living in digs had such an appeal that a waiting list for places swiftly developed. Seeing this as an opportunity to improve facilities for the Union and Botany, the Governing Body launched an Extension Scheme, and a Fund set up for donations.
The extension plan was for two new storeys to the Union building, one storey to accommodate 27 more hostel bed-sitting rooms with a wardens flat, the top storey to contain modern kitchen and dining facilites for , thus freeing the current dining space for social purposes.
An article in Phoenix on the twenty-first anniversary of the union describes the accommodation, and notes that there was a reading room for women students as they were excluded from the bar. The first recorded film footage of activities at Imperial College London was made at Morphy Day in Watch the recording here , including film of rowing at Putney and Sports Day at Chelsea Football ground.
The first Boanerges was a Rover which took part in several Brighton runs during the s. However, the organisers began to realise that he shouldn't really take part because he was too young and he no longer became eligible for the run. The story of the first Boanerges' disposal is an amusing anecdote in the history of the college.
He was driven to Downing Street Ramsay Macdonald was Prime Minister , the gearboxes were promptly filled with gravel, and a well dressed dummy with a biscuit in his hand was left in the passenger seat. This was a protest against the recent knighthood of the chairman of a leading biscuit manufacturer.
Apparently, the police had considerable difficulty in moving the car and so the Guilds students had proved their point. The first Boanerges was never seen again although it was becoming uneconomical to keep the car running and in a satisfactory condition.
After this event, a search was begun for a pre veteran which would be eligible for future Brighton runs. A student in Metallurgy at RSM , and close associate of College throughout his career, even though much of it was spent abroad, Bauerman left a bequest to enable students to travel after graduation. The commemorative plaque from the occasion reads, "May all who use this boathouse in it find such happiness and make such friendships as may endure throughout their lives.
Following the declaration of war, it was decided not to take in new students to the College. However this decision was rescinded on 17th October and College re-opened. Some courses were evacuated - Metallurgy, Metallurgy Department teaching for 3rd and 4th year students transferred to Swansea but the South Kensington Department remained open to provide instruction for students of others departments, conducted by Dr.
Bevan to address the students with the idea of them forming a Home Guard Platoon. At first it was a student Home Guard Platoon, but in was joined by staff members from Imperial College Maintenance Party, the College war emergency group.
In all, Imperial College students passed through the Company. Major Bevan showed his high regard for the Company by obtaining special official appreciation from the military authorities in the form of two presentations to individuals of a Certificate of Good Conduct and Commendation. The Company was at "Stand Down" from R Jones in charge. Many staff volunteered for night watching and weekend duties.
ARP duties were extremely important for the protection of College buildings and personnel. Ellingham, Chemistry, played a leading part in A. Read and Sweeting volunteered for the permanent squad and for most of the session lived in the basement of the Mines Building, alongside Dr.
Davies, W. Tweed and Faulkner of the Mining Department. They cooked and cleaned for themselves, sleeping in camp-beds christened by Read as the "Ghetto".
Special regulations related to enemy air raids were applied during College hours. A loud bell warned of 'approaching raiders', often followed by another denoting 'raiders overhead'.
Staff and students were instructed to leave their rooms and make for the basement. There were two direct hits by enemy bombs on College buildings, but no-one was injured.
One bomb exploded at the rear of the RSM and one fell on the City and Guilds Waterhouse building, but did not explode. Parts of the Beit Building were taken over to house military personnel early in the war, and returned to College in College was able to claim for damage caused during the requisition period, as were all owners of similarly requisitioned buildings. The Radio Society was shut down at the start of the war for fear of a breach of security.
Listen to Mrs Phoebe Arnold in a interview talking about the college during the second world war. Alan Dower Blumlein Electrical Engineering City and Guilds worked for EMI on a radar system, and adapted some of his previous work on circuit design technology for use in television to a 60 MHz pulsed radar. Accuracy of navigation was very important to the accuracy of bombing and it was to increase navigation accuracy that the H2S ground mapping radar was designed.
Blumlein researched one format using the klystron as a transmitter, but development of this was slow, and the Telecommunications Research Establishment with GEC was speedily developing a system using the magnetron.
Bruce White Electrical Engineering directed the work on the Mulberry Harbours, the sheltered harbour structures used to land equipment and supplies in readiness for the Allies D-Day landings for the War Office. Advice was taken from staff in the Civil Engineering Department. His co-workers included E. Walker Civil and Mechanical and D.
Fox Civil The Chief Engineer for the contractors was W. Roach Civil King George said: "You students here assembled - men and women who soon will be going out from the Imperial College to your work in the world - have not only an opportunity but also a responsibility greater than men of science have known before.
To you, I say: Regard your knowledge and your skill always in the light of a trust for the benefit of humanity, and thereby ensure, so far as in you lies, that science may never be put to uses which offend the higher conscience of mankind. Listen to the full speech. Imperial College acquired Silwood Park in , as a Field Station to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of Biology not well suited for the main London campus.
Instrumental in this was Munroe. Watch a documentary made about Silwood Park in Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December Read Felix online. Visit the archive of Felix issues.
On 29th January , the government announced in the Commons that it was intended that imperial College should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century. Development officers were appointed, who investigated similar overseas and UK institutions.
The expansion had to include both technology and science; plans for innovations such as computing were made, General Studies, Management Studies and History for Science and technology were all new subjects to be added to the curriculum. New buildings included a large library and a seat Great Hall. Between and , the government required Imperial College to double in size.
Student numbers had to be increased to 3, during the quinquennium The Rectors in office during this period, both Sir Roderick Hill until and between to his untimely death in , Sir Patrick Linstead enthusiastically took up the challenge. Prince Philip has a strong interest in Science and Technology and its application to industry. In the students of the Royal College of Science were looking for a suitable means of transport for their President.
They travelled to Warrington to collect it, with their only introduction being a drive round the block, after which they faced a two hundred mile journey with considerable trepidation.
The reliability of the fire engine was in serious doubt, and the problems attached to restarting the engine if it stalled, or indeed was deliberately stopped, appeared to be rather overwhelming. The average range for a man when operating the starting handle had been quoted as 25 feet. The brave four set out, and were soon tearing along, but the driver at the time claimed he was not quite sure whether he, or the fire engine, was in control at the time.
The name "Jezebel" was eventually chosen due to the vehicle's temperament, which can be summed up by the following quote from a driver at Crosfield's: "when not trying to turn around in a circle, Jezebel had a pronounced tendency to proceed sideways like a crab". Read more about Jez and share your memories of the RCS mascot. Estimates for the building work in December were: 85, cubic yards of cement, 3, tons of steel reinforcements and 6 million bricks!
It was not all plain sailing though as disputes could not be settled as easily as Professor Blackett envisaged by imposing academic solutions. Also in , work began on the Mechanical Engineering Building, which was being constructed behind the Waterhouse designed City and Guilds Building. Other 50th birthday celebrations included a 50th birthday dinner held at Mansion House, a ceremony in the new Union Concert Hall and a College Ball. Listen to a special 50th birthday radio broadcast about Imperial.
Imperial's Exploration Board set up to assist students who wish to travel and work on projects, with the first trip to Karakorum. Read about today's expeditions. A consequence of a warming world is prolonged dry spells and periods of drought that can lead to infectious diseases like cholera.
India and China are the cheapest places to install rooftop solar, while the US, Japan and the UK are the most expensive. Domestic dogs have been shown to be the only species necessary to maintain rabies across most of Africa.
This means that dog vaccination should control the disease in all species. Kebijakan di level makro yakni memastikan tidak terjadinya penumpukan kasus di masyarakat adalah langkah kunci lain sebagai upaya proteksi terhadap tenaga kesehatan di rumah sakit. Seharusnya pemerintah Indonesia segera meratifikasi Konvensi Kerangka Kerja Pengendalian Tembakau FCTC agar memiliki landasan hukum yang kokoh dan komprehensif untuk mengendalikan tembakau.
We shouldn't allow disingenuous uses of net zero to discredit the concept as a whole. Humanity can still limit global warming to 1.
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